Without Blood Review Essay Example

Without Blood Review Paper Essay on Without Blood He was a wonderful man. And something deathly afraid I do not know what. We met Alessandro Baricco entirely trivial: it lured me with their lips. Perhaps no one has ever forced me to read your book in this way. Going through the books in the store, I saw him smile. To part with him, I could not. I had to buy, even though it cost once obscenely expensive. I thought then that the smile can not cheat. And I was not mistaken.  «Children are endowed with a special gift to forget. In one of his interviews Baricco advised consume their books, the contents of the refrigerator: at night, in my pajamas, and all alone. I agree about the night and loneliness. With these books I want to be alone and feel them even skin. Pajamas on discretion. However, to compare his work and the contents of the fridge thank you! She does not want and will not allow others. Perhaps, again, I realized all too literally, but for these little books to digest and get rid of. I want them to stay with me, I want to remember, although sometimes they even remember hard. But adults are not able to forget. We will write a custom essay sample on Without Blood Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Without Blood Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Without Blood Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «Perfection will save you. Read Baricco easily. Incredibly lightweight, dynamic manner. Short, almost chopped proposal. Easily readable narrative logic. The obvious compositional division. Biased knigoanatomam like neizbity techniques: impersonation ( Surrounded by fields, the old manor Mato Rouge looked blind), similes and metaphors ( Oak protruded like a black claw: a monument to misfortune). Fans of plot structure intrigue daughter decades later meets with one of the murderers of his father. Heroes absolutely atypical ( She a vision, and he a man whose life ended many years earlier). Those who read to cry, the author also gives a reason, and not one. And even for the ladies novels lovers pair of juicy moments there, though without pepper (for modesty). aphorisms lovers, too, will provide an opportunity topstitch couple of quotes in a notebook ( Life never falls short of perfection). Yet the book is something immeasurably greater.  «Wins the one who will last longer. Read Baricco incredibly hard. And scary. Despite its name, in the book the sea of ​​blood. And bloodless heroes in the final. I do not know what terrible. It panic the feeling of incessant war. For the characters she still over, but for many other people no. When people are made to kill each other, the way back they do not ».  «We shoveled the ground with such force that awaken childrens cruelty. For me, the theme of children in any work (and in life, what cunning) does not come easy and is a sea of ​​tears, regardless of the outcome. Then Baricco beats me to the patient. Three heroes forever remain children: fourteen killed the boy, who became a witness to the death of his father and brother, and a girl of twenty killer and not raskayavshiyya his crime and swept a war to seventy years. All three of them were there in the estate of Mato Rouge. We need to have a lot of faith in the world, so to have children. Oh, Alessandro, faith that you did not add!  «Under a hail of bullets both motionless, staring at each other as if they were a single living being, stopped breathing. Im afraid of war and blood. Baricco me again regretted. His war lasts forever. P.S. Read, read a book. Yes, and other things the author. In the end, they are small. Regret, scold me. But still read:) P.P.S. Sorry for inconsistency. It alarmed. And for prolixity. I carried away.

Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word

Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word Changing the Language Settings in Microsoft Word The automatic spellchecker  in Microsoft Word is far from perfect, but it can be useful for spotting mistakes in your written work. First, though, you’ll need to know how to change the language settings. This is vital because even regional variations of English can differ in spelling, which means the automatic spellchecker will miss mistakes if the wrong settings are used. Luckily, changing the language in Microsoft Word is a quick and simple process. Changing Language Settings There are two main ways to set the language of a new document in Microsoft Word. The first is to use the â€Å"Review† tab on the main ribbon: Go to the â€Å"Review† tab and find the â€Å"Language† section Click on â€Å"Language† and select â€Å"Set Proofing Language†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Choose the language required in your document from the new window and click â€Å"OK† The second option is possibly even simpler: Click on the language section of the blue bar at the bottom of your document (this will display the current language settings by default) In the new window, select your chosen language and click â€Å"OK† Either approach will ensure the spellchecker looks for spellings specific to your region. For American English, the correct option is â€Å"English (United States).† If you click â€Å"Set as Default,† the same settings will be applied to all new documents. Applying a New Language to Existing Text If you’re applying new language settings to an existing document rather than starting from scratch, you’ll need to select the text you want to modify first. You can do this by selecting the passages you want to check and using the steps outlined above to pick a new proofing language. This also allows you to use different language settings in different parts of the same document, if required. Alternatively, you can quickly select all of the text in a document using â€Å"Ctrl + A† (or â€Å"Cmd + A† on Mac computers), then apply a new language as described above. Comments, Headers and Footnotes For reasons beyond the comprehension of mortal minds, Microsoft treats the language options for comments, headers and footnotes as separate from the main text in your document. The last thing you need is sneaky British spellings in your footnotes! If you’re using any of these features, you’ll need to check that the language settings are consistent with the rest of your document. You can do this either by selecting the relevant text and using the process described above, or by following these steps: Go to â€Å"Styles† and right click the style you want to update (e.g., â€Å"Header†) In the dropdown menu, click â€Å"Modify†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to open a new window In this menu, click â€Å"Format† in the bottom left and select â€Å"Language† Pick the language required and click â€Å"OK† This will ensure consistency between different parts of the document in question, which is especially important if your paper includes extensive footnotes.

Crossing Over Lab Genetics Activity

Crossing Over Lab Genetics Activity Genetic diversity is a very important part of evolution. Without different genetics available in the gene pool, species would not be able to adapt to an ever-changing environment and evolve to survive as those changes happen. Statistically, there is no one in the world with your exact same combination of DNA (unless you are an identical twin). This makes you unique. There are several mechanisms that contribute to the large amounts of genetic diversity of humans, and all species, on Earth. Independent assortment of chromosomes during Metaphase I in Meiosis I and random fertilization (meaning, which gamete fuses with a mates gamete during fertilization is randomly selected) are two ways your genetics can be mixed during the formation of your gametes. This ensures that every gamete you produce is different from all of the other gametes you produce. Another way to increase genetic diversity within an individuals gametes is a process called crossing over. During Prophase I in Meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and may exchange genetic information. While this process is sometimes difficult for students to grasp and visualize, it is easy to model using common supplies found in pretty much every classroom or home. The following lab procedure and analysis questions can be used to help those struggling to grasp this idea. Materials 2 different colors of paperScissorsRulerGlue/Tape/Staples/Another attachment methodPencil/Pen/Other writing utensil Procedure Choose two different colors of paper and cut two strips out of each color that are 15 cm long and 3 cm wide. Each strip is a sister chromatid.Place the strips of the same color across each other so they both make an â€Å"X† shape. Secure them in place with glue, tape, staple, a brass fastener, or another method of attachment. You have now made two chromosomes (each â€Å"X† is a different chromosome).On the top â€Å"legs† of one of the chromosomes, write the capital letter â€Å"B† about 1 cm from the end on each of the sister chromatids.Measure 2 cm from your capital â€Å"B† and then write a capital â€Å"A† at that point on each of the sister chromatids of that chromosome.On the other colored chromosome on the top â€Å"legs†, write a lowercase â€Å"b† 1 cm from the end of each of the sister chromatids.Measure 2 cm from your lower case â€Å"b† and then write a lower case â€Å"a† at that point on each of the sister chromatids of that chromosome.Place one sister chromatid of one of the chromosomes over the sister chromatid over the other colored chromosome so that the letter â€Å"B† and â€Å"b† has crossed over. Be sure the â€Å"crossing over† occurs between your â€Å"A†s and â€Å"B†s. Carefully tear or cut the sister chromatids that have crossed over so that you have removed your letter â€Å"B† or â€Å"b† from those sister chromatids.Use tape, glue, staples, or another attachment method to â€Å"swap† the ends of the sister chromatids (so you now end up with a small part of the different colored chromosome attached to the original chromosome).Use your model and prior knowledge about crossing over and meiosis to answer the following questions. Analysis Questions What is â€Å"crossing over†?What is the purpose of â€Å"crossing over†?When is the only time crossing over can occur?What does each letter on your model represent?Write down what letter combinations were on each of the 4 sister chromatids before crossing over happened. How many total DIFFERENT combinations did you have?Write down what letter combinations were on each of the 4 sister chromatids before crossing over happened. How many total DIFFERENT combinations did you have?Compare your answers to number 5 and number 6. Which showed the most genetic diversity and why?

Baby Boomers Retiring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baby Boomers Retiring - Research Paper Example As baby boomers retire, there will be need for knowledge transfer as they get replaced by new workers. This is because as they retire they are bound to escape with their wealth of experience and knowledge from the workplace. In order to achieve this, there will be need for the establishment of excellent working relationship between the older and the younger workers. This working relationship will ensure that institutional knowledge is maintained as the mature workforce retires according to DeLon (2004). The better the relationship between both existing and incoming workforce, the greater the possibility of knowledge transfer. Consequently, a more influential intergenerational synergy is likely to thrive. The transfer of knowledge can be made easier and possible through mentoring. This is because the younger workers may find it hard to appreciate the credibility, and maintain respect for the talent and skills of the mature workers. Organizational culture can be defined by the differen t generations working within its environment. The presence of baby boomers and the younger workers in organizations, beyond doubt, create generational differences. This generational difference is likely to affect the organizational culture and work environment. ... The sharing of ideas usually depends on the particular generation. As far as the culture of organizational innovation is concerned, the younger workers have a competitive merit as opposed to the older generation as noted by Venneberg and Eversole (2010). The baby boomers are less risk takers in so far as organizational culture is concerned. They prefer maintaining the status quo. How to Replace Baby Boomer Workers There has been a growing concern about the retiring of baby boomers considering that many of the Canada’s organizations have not planned for the retiring workforce. With the continued retirement of baby boomers, there is bound to be a major change in the demographics of the Canadian workforce (Roberts, 2005). As they retire, the younger generation which is quite inexperienced will have to replace them even as many businesses and organizations are likely to remain unprepared for the looming change. Various analysts have stated that businesses in Canada are likely to f ace a shortage of workers for the next ten years as a result of the retirement of baby boomers. Hence, organizations which fail to plan for the replacement of this workforce will end up facing loss of labor skills and expertise that may prove difficult to counterbalance. The issue of how to replace the retiring baby boomers has raised a lot of concern to many employers. Their concern revolves around where to get new employees and the cost of training the new workforce. In order to replace the retirees, organizations might be forced to invest a lot in the training of new workers as noted by Peschard-Sverdrup and Center for Strategic and International Studies (2008). Similarly, organizations might be required to

The Leader as Communicator Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Leader as Communicator - Assignment Example Additionally, diversified styles of communication are needed to meet the demands of effective communication processes at different levels (Lee, 2012). Expression of ideas should not be controversial neither conservative, but it should encourage listeners to equally participate in the communication process. Otherwise, communication will be considered one-sided and balanced communication will be interrupted (Lee, 2012). Moreover, it should be understood that individual communication is considered more effective than mass communication in context of leadership competencies (Lee, 2012). It is because a leader understands cognitive and psychological patterns of his/her team members and individual communication can contribute more effectively to convey message and convince team members for a particular mission within the organization (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011). For a leader to be a good communicator it is important to understand the significances of the good communication skills. For good communication skills a leader is needed to develop confidence and an inspiring style during communication process (Decker, 2006). He/she should designed messages strategically that could influence thoughts of the listeners at first attempt. Also, instant response without taking long time to reply also increases the effectiveness of the communication (Decker, 2006). Mostly important a leader should have an ability to develop a sense of believability in his/her listener because without believability of the listeners content of the message cannot add efficiency in the communication process. Lee, T. (2012, June 9). Core Competencies in Communication for Leadership. Retrieved from Rainbows.typepad:

The Difference between Traditional and New Law Enforcement Strategies Essay Example for Free

The Difference between Traditional and New Law Enforcement Strategies Essay Professor Maia Jefferson The law enforcement community plays an important role in our day-to-day lives. They are not only tasked with enforcing the laws, but they are also tasked with helping out the community in various ways. What happens when the traditional model of law enforcement is changed? Will there be any resistance from certain divisions of the police force? What will be the major factor for the success of a new program, if implemented? Under the traditional law enforcement model, officers are tasked with responsibilities such as patrolling the streets and reporting broken sidewalks, potholes, street, and traffic lights that need to be replaced. Under the new program called â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies,† patrolling officers work with sergeants and lieutenants to review crime data and come up with the best solution to problems. In doing this, it allows officers to display their expertise in areas such as criminal investigation, traffic enforcement, drug suppression, and routine patrol. With any organization, change is going to come with resistance. Some of the major resistance would most likely come from senior members of the force. These members that have been around for awhile have probably seen many leaders want to â€Å"make their mark† by implementing their own ideas. These skeptics have probably accepted the idea that certain divisions are specialized in the area of expertise and that changing the way that they operate would disrupt the tempo of the force. However, most people agree that change is a good thing and can lead to improvement within the police force. The new changes would no doubt endure opposition on some levels, but there would also be many who would support them. The supporters would most likely be the officers that are directly affected by the changes. By allowing patrolling officers to work directly with investigators, the police officers would feel more important and more connected with the community. Moreover, the actual responsibility of investigations will be shared among the patrolling officers and the investigation team. The collaboration of these two units will not only save time, but also money. The success rate for the â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies† program has been proven more effective than the traditional patrolling methods. The change held individual officers accountable for investigating and resolving crimes in their patrol area, which played a major role in their success. (Johnson, 1997) Productivity and case closure rates began to rise, proving that the patrol officers were capable of assuming more responsibility. After 14 months, the number of cases that were solved increased dramatically. The new program â€Å"Employing Creative Closure Strategies† has proven to be a step towards improving the way law enforcement patrols. With any change comes disbelievers, yet there is always room for improvement. The ultimate goal of law enforcement is to protect the community and its citizens. By implementing the new system, there will be an increased level of security and an opportunity for police officers to learn from each other by taking on more responsibility. Bibliography Johnson, R. A. (1997, November). Integrated Patrol: Combining Aggressive Enforcement and Community Policing. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation web site: www. fbi. gov

Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) Finance Paper :: essays research papers

Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) Company Overview Formed in 1975, Microsoft started by selling a BASIC interpreter which quickly established a reputation for excellence. As the popularity of Microsoft BASIC grew, other manufacturers adopted Microsoft BASIC's syntax to maintain compatibility with existing Microsoft BASIC implementations. Because of this feedback loop, Microsoft BASIC became a de facto standard, and the company cornered the market. Later, it tried (unsuccessfully) to extend their grip on the home computer market by designing the MSX home computer standard. In late 1980, International Business Machines needed an operating system for its new home computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft subsequently purchased all rights to QDOS for $10,000, and renamed it MS-DOS (for Microsoft Disk Operating System). It was released as IBM PC-DOS 1.0 with the introduction of the PC in 1981. In contracting with IBM, however, Microsoft had retained the rights to license the software to other computer vendors as MS-DOS. The now highly profitable and cash rich Microsoft diversified into a wide variety of software products including: compilers and interpreters for programming languages and word processors, spreadsheets and other office software some of these products were successful, and some were not. By the turn of the millennium, many of Microsoft's software products dominated the market in their respective categories. Microsoft has devoted huge amounts of effort to marketing in developing their products and services, as well as to the integration of their software products with one another in an attempt to create a seamless and consistent computing environment for the user. Analysis I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trend Analysis Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratio – For the last three years was growing from 3.56 in 2001 to 3.81 in 2002 to 4.22 in 2003. The reason of grow is increased in Assets. Even though Liability was growing, Asset grow was more significant. Quick Ratio – Constant grow for the last three years. From 3.56 in 2001 to 3.76 in 2002 to 4.17 in 2003. The reason of grow is constant increase in Current Assets. Cash ratio – Big drop (from .35 to .087) in year 2002. In 2003 the rate grew from .087 to .460. The reason of drop in 2002 is decreased in Cash and big increase in Liabilities. The increase in 2003 occurs because of big increase in Cash and slight increase in Liabilities. Asset Management Ratios Total Asset Turnover – Dropped from .64 in 2001 to .58 in 2002 to .55 in 2003. The reason is big increase in Total Assets.

Stalin: Movie Review

Yousef Khalil Modern World History Research Paper Stalin Hollywood seems to portray most of the historical movies it produces inaccurately in order for them to sell. Movie producers twist the original story and make up some facts, translated into scenes, which would attract the audience to a particular movie. But should we blame Hollywood, or the audience for being less aware of our history, and just pay to watch movies for the sake of entertainment, not caring on how historically inaccurate it is?The idea of historical events literally being rewritten for the sake of an almost fictional retelling is something that can be regarded as controversial, but the fact of the matter is that Hollywood and film writers will always be able to take a historical story and spice it up simply for the sake of creating drama and subsequent revenue as a result. These films often contain the â€Å"based on a true story† message, but as long as it is not actually classed as a factual film, there is essentially nothing wrong with taking a historical event an re-telling it for the sake of a film.Not every event in history contained enough drama to be made into a film, but as long as the general basis of the event had the potential to create drama. Hollywood will always be able to take the story and make it into a blockbuster masterpiece just as they have done in the past and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. As long as they continue to do so, the concept is something that will continue to be shrouded in controversy from both historical enthusiasts and film critics alike. Stalin (1992) was the movie of my choice that I think has the closest historically accurate content than any other movie.Narrated by Stalin's daughter Svetlana, this begins with Stalin joining Lenin and the Bolsheviks in their fight against the government, eventually setting up their own government themselves. Most of his biography is well known to us, however this movie brings out the chara cter of Stalin as a psycho villain who did not trust a single person, not even his associates, and took extreme measures to exterminate all of them. His ego and paranoia alienated him from his friends and his family, even to the point where his wife Nadya (Julia Ormond) commits suicide and young Svetlana hates him.But in the end, he does not change, and this leads to his downfall and death. This movie really wasn’t a cinema film, but a television movie that wasn’t going to play neither in theaters nor around the world, which might count for something. This film would have been ruined by a big studio production. There is no way to â€Å"Hollywoodize† Josef Stalin. He was perhaps the worst and most brutal tyrant of the 20th century. Estimates range from 20-40 million deaths he was responsible for (Rummel, 2006) He was in no way a nice man. In him there was not an ounce of decency, only a vast void of feeling that Robert Duvall conveyed very well.The film itself al most seemed hollow or lifeless at times, and generally moved slowly. Passer's meticulous method pays off, however, with powerful performances from Plowright, Schell, and Ormond complimenting Duvall's brilliance. My whole point is Duvall is â€Å"Stalin’s† embodiment. This film is historically excellent. What most reviewers seem hung up on are accents, make-up and costumes. Most comment that it is historically inaccurate but give nothing very specific. The film is a broad overview of the life of Stalin and could never include every element of his life.All the important historical is there: the Revolution, the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin, Stalin's rise to power, The great famines, The Great Purges and WWII. The film gives great insight into Stalin and the paranoia that he experienced and how that paranoia influenced the way he ruled over the Soviet Union. Many of the other characters were somewhat glossed over, but the film is essentially about Stalin and w hat made him tick, not about the intricate backgrounds of other revolutionaries and supporters. If the viewers don't come away from the film thinking what a bastard Stalin was, then they simply missed the point.The way that he treated his family, friends and so-called counterrevolutionaries is illustrated correctly in this film. The end of the film brings up a very important question that I think many previous reviewers had difficulty with. Fact: under Stalin the Soviet Union industrialized to levels never seen before. With industrialization, this could enable the USSR to compete in the world on par with the US. It would also lead to the development of a nuclear and hydrogen bomb, on par with the US (Brainerd, 2002). The film brings up the critical question of whether or not Stalin was necessary for the USSR.That is a powerful and thought provoking question that one carries away from this film. Any film that lingers in the viewers mind and makes them think has merit. Is it a perfect film? No. Is it historically inaccurate to merit throwing it away? Absolutely not. Robert Duvall does an excellent and convincing job of portraying a monster. But this is one of the rare biopics that offers fewer opinions and more facts. Over three hours long, the movie covers the dictator's life from his exile in Siberia, when he took the name Stalin, up to his death in 1953.It does not try to feature the then world politics and even contemporary Russia as a whole, nor does it waste further screen time on the social reaction to Stalin's policies too much. It features Stalin and only Stalin. It focuses exclusively on his personal life (naturally, since the movie is narrated by his daughter Svetlana) and his take on the fellow comrades of the party. The filmmakers remain more-or-less true to the facts, giving neither imaginative shock moments nor just plain history. Stalin’s wife committed suicide, which made me think whether that affected him psychologically later on.It is h ard to know what effect did the death of Stalin’s wife had on him. Clearly the film needed an overarching plot structure to attempt an explanation of a complex man. Unfortunately, it is impossible to get inside Stalin's head. If anything, the man was driven by hatred and little else, a hatred that is difficult to articulate, but which was at least admirably displayed in the film. The portrayals of Stalin's wife and some of his associates were less convincing. This is the fault of the script or the direction or both, not the actors.For example, Stalin's second wife Nadya was not quite the principled heroine seen here who apparently took her own life because she saw no other escape from the evil that her husband was bringing to the country. The real Nadya brought some of her own problems to her marriage and these contributed to her death. (Marsolais, 2010) Bukharin, wretched in his final weeks, may have been the best of them but that was saying little. He was not quite the nobl e, tragic ‘swan' portrayed. He was prone to hysterics, about his own problems primarily. The suffering millions could suffer as long as he was approved of.During his final imprisonment, Bukharin wrote to Stalin offering to do anything, put his name to anything, if only Stalin would be his â€Å"friend† again. (Marsolais, 2010) Stalin takes all the heat and deserves plenty, but many of the rest of the people around him seem like innocents, fooled by him, finding out too late that they were caught up in his evil and were either corrupted or destroyed by it. But Stalin, like Hitler and any other dictator, was only possible because those around him saw advantage for themselves in supporting him. If there's a problem with this film it's that it lets some of Stalin's minions off the hook.It settles for extremes: Stalin and his chiefs of secret police on the one hand, and the good or loyal but naive on the other. But the only innocents were the people of the former Soviet Unio n, those far from power whose lives were destroyed according to the requirements of a command economy. So many deaths and so many slaves were required from every walk of life, like so many tons of iron, to meet quotas. They are acknowledged in the film's dedication. Those around Stalin, however, were all up to their elbows in blood just as he was, obsessed with their own positions, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev included.This is perhaps something to bear in mind in watching a generally excellent and historically accurate film. When evaluating Stalin, I think of it in comparison to Nixon, another biopic with similar scope and ambition. And, quite honestly, this film comes out streets ahead, for one single reason: it tries to explain what Stalin was, but not ‘why’ he was like it. There is no feeble psychoanalysis, no looking inside his mind, and no needless and questionable reconstructions of his own self-reflections. What you see in this movie is the director's interpre tation of what you might have seen if you'd followed Stalin around.He gives you the dots. You can then join them by drawing your own conclusions. It works because Duvall is fantastic at Stalin, both in terms of appearance, voice characterization, and his general manner. Having read about Stalin for some years, I had no trouble accepting that the man on the screen was the ‘Man of Steel'. The film is essentially reconstructed from the diaries of Stalin's daughter, Nadya, and therefore some aspects are historically questionable. But as historic epics go it follows the research and convention thinking quite closely; it doesn't digress into wild peculation like Stone, and doesn't propagandize either. It does make the error of dichotomizing characters into ‘good' and ‘bad' – Bukharin, for example, is portrayed as something of a great man in this film, then again, that seems to be the standard modus operandi of historical films these days. The biggest problem anyon e making a film about a tyrant will face, is exactly how much they know (or don't know) about the atrocities their regimes commit, and to what extent do they get involved: do they sit, aloof, like Hitler at Bertchesgarten. Or do they lead slaughter brigades like Amin?Stalin seems to be quite detached from it all, even when on a train travelling through the freezing, starving villages of the steppes. A rabid paranoia about being overthrown, a distrust of others, and a fierce, almost inhumane determination to meet goals were at the core of Stalin's despotism. People meant little to Stalin: they were expendable, disposable and unreliable, even his wife and children, and this idea comes through loud and clear in this well put together and quite entertaining biographical epic. Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership.The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Sovi et leadership ladder, until he becomes the â€Å"feared leader of Russia. † What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinist politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror, the funeral scene at the conclusion of the film drips with irony.Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership. The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the â€Å"feared leader of Russia. † What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinistic politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monument al device of terror.Works Cited: Brainerd, Elizabeth. Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union: an analysis using archival and anthropometric data. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2006. â€Å"How Many Did Stalin Really Murder? † The Distributed Republic. 09 Dec. 2010 ;lt;http://www. distributedrepublic. net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin-really-murder/;gt;. Marsolais, By Jesse. â€Å"Facing Up to Stalin – Magazine – The Atlantic. † The Atlantic — News and analysis on politics, business, culture, technology, national, international, and food – TheAtlantic. com. 09 Dec. 2010 ;lt;http://www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2004/07/facing-up-to-stalin/3390/;gt;. Stalin: Movie Review Yousef Khalil Modern World History Research Paper Stalin Hollywood seems to portray most of the historical movies it produces inaccurately in order for them to sell. Movie producers twist the original story and make up some facts, translated into scenes, which would attract the audience to a particular movie. But should we blame Hollywood, or the audience for being less aware of our history, and just pay to watch movies for the sake of entertainment, not caring on how historically inaccurate it is?The idea of historical events literally being rewritten for the sake of an almost fictional retelling is something that can be regarded as controversial, but the fact of the matter is that Hollywood and film writers will always be able to take a historical story and spice it up simply for the sake of creating drama and subsequent revenue as a result. These films often contain the â€Å"based on a true story† message, but as long as it is not actually classed as a factual film, there is essentially nothing wrong with taking a historical event an re-telling it for the sake of a film.Not every event in history contained enough drama to be made into a film, but as long as the general basis of the event had the potential to create drama. Hollywood will always be able to take the story and make it into a blockbuster masterpiece just as they have done in the past and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. As long as they continue to do so, the concept is something that will continue to be shrouded in controversy from both historical enthusiasts and film critics alike. Stalin (1992) was the movie of my choice that I think has the closest historically accurate content than any other movie.Narrated by Stalin's daughter Svetlana, this begins with Stalin joining Lenin and the Bolsheviks in their fight against the government, eventually setting up their own government themselves. Most of his biography is well known to us, however this movie brings out the chara cter of Stalin as a psycho villain who did not trust a single person, not even his associates, and took extreme measures to exterminate all of them. His ego and paranoia alienated him from his friends and his family, even to the point where his wife Nadya (Julia Ormond) commits suicide and young Svetlana hates him.But in the end, he does not change, and this leads to his downfall and death. This movie really wasn’t a cinema film, but a television movie that wasn’t going to play neither in theaters nor around the world, which might count for something. This film would have been ruined by a big studio production. There is no way to â€Å"Hollywoodize† Josef Stalin. He was perhaps the worst and most brutal tyrant of the 20th century. Estimates range from 20-40 million deaths he was responsible for (Rummel, 2006) He was in no way a nice man. In him there was not an ounce of decency, only a vast void of feeling that Robert Duvall conveyed very well.The film itself al most seemed hollow or lifeless at times, and generally moved slowly. Passer's meticulous method pays off, however, with powerful performances from Plowright, Schell, and Ormond complimenting Duvall's brilliance. My whole point is Duvall is â€Å"Stalin’s† embodiment. This film is historically excellent. What most reviewers seem hung up on are accents, make-up and costumes. Most comment that it is historically inaccurate but give nothing very specific. The film is a broad overview of the life of Stalin and could never include every element of his life.All the important historical is there: the Revolution, the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin, Stalin's rise to power, The great famines, The Great Purges and WWII. The film gives great insight into Stalin and the paranoia that he experienced and how that paranoia influenced the way he ruled over the Soviet Union. Many of the other characters were somewhat glossed over, but the film is essentially about Stalin and w hat made him tick, not about the intricate backgrounds of other revolutionaries and supporters. If the viewers don't come away from the film thinking what a bastard Stalin was, then they simply missed the point.The way that he treated his family, friends and so-called counterrevolutionaries is illustrated correctly in this film. The end of the film brings up a very important question that I think many previous reviewers had difficulty with. Fact: under Stalin the Soviet Union industrialized to levels never seen before. With industrialization, this could enable the USSR to compete in the world on par with the US. It would also lead to the development of a nuclear and hydrogen bomb, on par with the US (Brainerd, 2002). The film brings up the critical question of whether or not Stalin was necessary for the USSR.That is a powerful and thought provoking question that one carries away from this film. Any film that lingers in the viewers mind and makes them think has merit. Is it a perfect film? No. Is it historically inaccurate to merit throwing it away? Absolutely not. Robert Duvall does an excellent and convincing job of portraying a monster. But this is one of the rare biopics that offers fewer opinions and more facts. Over three hours long, the movie covers the dictator's life from his exile in Siberia, when he took the name Stalin, up to his death in 1953.It does not try to feature the then world politics and even contemporary Russia as a whole, nor does it waste further screen time on the social reaction to Stalin's policies too much. It features Stalin and only Stalin. It focuses exclusively on his personal life (naturally, since the movie is narrated by his daughter Svetlana) and his take on the fellow comrades of the party. The filmmakers remain more-or-less true to the facts, giving neither imaginative shock moments nor just plain history. Stalin’s wife committed suicide, which made me think whether that affected him psychologically later on.It is h ard to know what effect did the death of Stalin’s wife had on him. Clearly the film needed an overarching plot structure to attempt an explanation of a complex man. Unfortunately, it is impossible to get inside Stalin's head. If anything, the man was driven by hatred and little else, a hatred that is difficult to articulate, but which was at least admirably displayed in the film. The portrayals of Stalin's wife and some of his associates were less convincing. This is the fault of the script or the direction or both, not the actors.For example, Stalin's second wife Nadya was not quite the principled heroine seen here who apparently took her own life because she saw no other escape from the evil that her husband was bringing to the country. The real Nadya brought some of her own problems to her marriage and these contributed to her death. (Marsolais, 2010) Bukharin, wretched in his final weeks, may have been the best of them but that was saying little. He was not quite the nobl e, tragic ‘swan' portrayed. He was prone to hysterics, about his own problems primarily. The suffering millions could suffer as long as he was approved of.During his final imprisonment, Bukharin wrote to Stalin offering to do anything, put his name to anything, if only Stalin would be his â€Å"friend† again. (Marsolais, 2010) Stalin takes all the heat and deserves plenty, but many of the rest of the people around him seem like innocents, fooled by him, finding out too late that they were caught up in his evil and were either corrupted or destroyed by it. But Stalin, like Hitler and any other dictator, was only possible because those around him saw advantage for themselves in supporting him. If there's a problem with this film it's that it lets some of Stalin's minions off the hook.It settles for extremes: Stalin and his chiefs of secret police on the one hand, and the good or loyal but naive on the other. But the only innocents were the people of the former Soviet Unio n, those far from power whose lives were destroyed according to the requirements of a command economy. So many deaths and so many slaves were required from every walk of life, like so many tons of iron, to meet quotas. They are acknowledged in the film's dedication. Those around Stalin, however, were all up to their elbows in blood just as he was, obsessed with their own positions, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev included.This is perhaps something to bear in mind in watching a generally excellent and historically accurate film. When evaluating Stalin, I think of it in comparison to Nixon, another biopic with similar scope and ambition. And, quite honestly, this film comes out streets ahead, for one single reason: it tries to explain what Stalin was, but not ‘why’ he was like it. There is no feeble psychoanalysis, no looking inside his mind, and no needless and questionable reconstructions of his own self-reflections. What you see in this movie is the director's interpre tation of what you might have seen if you'd followed Stalin around.He gives you the dots. You can then join them by drawing your own conclusions. It works because Duvall is fantastic at Stalin, both in terms of appearance, voice characterization, and his general manner. Having read about Stalin for some years, I had no trouble accepting that the man on the screen was the ‘Man of Steel'. The film is essentially reconstructed from the diaries of Stalin's daughter, Nadya, and therefore some aspects are historically questionable. But as historic epics go it follows the research and convention thinking quite closely; it doesn't digress into wild peculation like Stone, and doesn't propagandize either. It does make the error of dichotomizing characters into ‘good' and ‘bad' – Bukharin, for example, is portrayed as something of a great man in this film, then again, that seems to be the standard modus operandi of historical films these days. The biggest problem anyon e making a film about a tyrant will face, is exactly how much they know (or don't know) about the atrocities their regimes commit, and to what extent do they get involved: do they sit, aloof, like Hitler at Bertchesgarten. Or do they lead slaughter brigades like Amin?Stalin seems to be quite detached from it all, even when on a train travelling through the freezing, starving villages of the steppes. A rabid paranoia about being overthrown, a distrust of others, and a fierce, almost inhumane determination to meet goals were at the core of Stalin's despotism. People meant little to Stalin: they were expendable, disposable and unreliable, even his wife and children, and this idea comes through loud and clear in this well put together and quite entertaining biographical epic. Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership.The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Sovi et leadership ladder, until he becomes the â€Å"feared leader of Russia. † What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinist politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror, the funeral scene at the conclusion of the film drips with irony.Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership. The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the â€Å"feared leader of Russia. † What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinistic politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monument al device of terror.Works Cited: Brainerd, Elizabeth. Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union: an analysis using archival and anthropometric data. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2006. â€Å"How Many Did Stalin Really Murder? † The Distributed Republic. 09 Dec. 2010 ;lt;http://www. distributedrepublic. net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin-really-murder/;gt;. Marsolais, By Jesse. â€Å"Facing Up to Stalin – Magazine – The Atlantic. † The Atlantic — News and analysis on politics, business, culture, technology, national, international, and food – TheAtlantic. com. 09 Dec. 2010 ;lt;http://www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2004/07/facing-up-to-stalin/3390/;gt;.

Medieval Period Essay

What is it all about? – it is all about the period, age or era after the fall of Roman Empire and the beginning of â€Å"rebirth† or the Rennaisance period. – it is the bridge with these two very important eras in literature. What is the meaning of medieval and period? – the term medieval comes from the latin word â€Å"medium aevum† which means â€Å"middle age†. Medieval was 1st used in the 19th century and the original spelling of it is â€Å"mediavel†. -period means a length of time that is very important in the history of the world or nation. What do you mean by A.D. and C.E. means? – A.D. means â€Å"anno domini† which is the latin for â€Å"in the year of our God† the year after his birth. – C.E. means â€Å"common era† Many writers prefer to use CE than AD .. so, AD and CE are just the same like BC which means Before Christ and BCE which means Before Common/Christian Era. Why it is called the Dark Age? But why it is also known as The Age of Faith? -at first, Medieval Period was called DA because of 4 reasons 1. Ignorance and brutality 2. No scientific accomplishments had been made 3. No great art produced 4. No great leaders born But when the scholars began to appreciate the medieval period’s architecture, philosophy, and literature, they labeled this as â€Å"The Age of Faith† because most of the works are centered on religous teachings in the reason that religion is the most powerful institutuion during the time. Describe Medieval Period. – pervasive christianity – poverty – ignorance – economic chaos – bad government – plague – cultural and artistic achievement – technological development Social Classes in Middle Ages 1. Royalty – highest social class (kings, queens, princes and princesses) 2. Nobility – (hereditary and non-hereditary nobility) 3. Hereditary Nobility – (dukes and dutchess, barons) 4. Non-Hereditary Nobility – (knights, popes, bishops, priests, monks,clergy) 5. Common People – (Serfs, freemen, slaves, peasants) Development of Medieval Period – there are three major divisions on the development of Medieval Period : Early, High and Late Middle Ages. How stuff works on the Early M.P.? 1. In this part is where the Dark Age is associated wherein literacy, ignorance and brutality are prevailing. 2. Christianity became the standard bearer of Western Civilization wherein the papacy gained authority 3. Feudalism is the manorial system 4. Monasteries were founded as campaign for Christian empowerment 5. North Africa and Middle East came under the rule of Caliphate, an Islamic Group How stuff works in the High M.P.? -it began after 1000AD 1. Technological and agricultural innovations flourished together with the population. 2. Climate changed to warm which allowed crop yield to increase. 3. Still feudalism is the manorial system. 4. Crusade – in 1905 – military attempt to regain control of the Middle Easter Holy Land from Caliphate 5. Kings became the heads of nation states, which lead to reduce of crime and violence 6. In this time, the first universities were founded and intellectual life began How stuff works in Late M.P.? 1. It is marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague and war. 2. Black Death – between 1347 amd 1350, a mysterious disease known as the Black Death (the bubonic plague). It killed some 20 million people in Europe. 3. Economic expansion, political centralization, and secularization foreshadowed due to transition from medieval to modern. Despite of difficulties and calamities, it is where medieval empowerment stimulated. 4. Age of exploration 5. The church was weakened by conflicts and quarrels between church and state 6. Peasants’ revolt. What are the causes of end of M.P? -1453 the capture of Constantipole by the Turk -1453 the end of the hundred years war between the English and Fench because of invasion -1492 the Muslims being rejected from Spain -1492 the discovery of America by Columbus -1512 the Protestant Reformation starting with the beginning of Rennaisance Period. Heritage of Medieval Period During the medieval period there were many advancements. Justice and Law Codes: Justinian’s Code,Great Council (Parliament), Magna Carta Trade and Business: Marketplace & Trade Fairs, Banks  Architecture: Cathedrals, Castles,Romanesque, Medieval, Gothic Architecture Formal Learning: Guilds, Universities Public Conduct: Code of Chivalry, Heraldry,Holy Relics Art: Stained Glass Windows, Tapestries,Gregorian Chants, Medieval Music, Epic Poetry,Troubadours, Illuminated Manuscripts, Mystery Plays, Miracle Plays, Morality Plays,Architecture Farming: Horse-drawn plow, Horse Collar, Horseshoes Seven new sites that dated from the medieval period added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Bolgar Historical and Archeological Complex (Russia) Namhansanseong (Republic of Korea) The Grand Canal (China) Silk Roads : The Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan) Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (India) Pyu Ancient Cities (Myanmar) Bursa and Cumalikizik: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Some of the significant Medieval Heritage Aachen Cathedral Abbey and Altenmà ¼nster of Lorsch Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe Amiens Cathedral Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments Bauhaus and its sites in Weimar and Dessau Beemster Polder Belfries of Belgium and France Benedictine Convent of St John at Mà ¼stair Bergpark Wilhelmshà ¶he Berlin Modernism Housing Estates Blenheim Palace Bordeaux, Port of the Moon Bourges Cathedral Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey, and St Martin’s Church Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brà ¼hl Cathedral of Notre-Dame,Former Abbey of Saint-Rà ©mi andPalace of Tau, Reims The Causses and the Cà ©vennesMedieval Literature Medieval Literature England is the birth place of Medieval Literature Latin was the common language for medieval writings Clergy are the people who write religious works The early literature of this period consists of sermons, prayers, lives of saints and homilies. -some of the noted works are 1. Green Knight 2. Sir Gawain 3. The Pearl 4. The Book of the Duchess 5. The Parliament of Fowls 6. The  House of Fame 7. Troilus and Criseyde 8. The Canterbury Tales 9. The Legend of Women 10. The Complaint of Chauser to his Empty Purse Types of Writings Religious – dominant form of literature Composed of hymns, liturgy, hagiographies,religious poems Some works of this type: Golden Legend of Ja Cobous de Voragine; Dies , Stabat Mater Outstanding Jewish writers : Maimonides – Spain; Rashi – France Secular – it is more on romance, heroism and it is not in religious works Composed of epic, courtly love, political poetry, songs Prominent Jewish authors: Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Haleui Outstanding writer: Geoffrey Chauser Women’s Literature – in this type women of Medieval period are the writers and it is not about the works pertained to women of M.P. Composed of works that have been written by women, mostly nuns Noted authors : Clare of Asisi, Bridget of Sweden, Catherine of Seine – They are canonaized as saints and their works are reflections, revelations and prayers Marie de France and Christine de Viza – their works focused on courtly love Revelations of Divine Love – 1st published book in English language that was written by a woman Allegory – medieval lit. makes use of many literary devices and allegory is very prominent in the period. Much works relied on allegory to convey the morals that the author had in mind while writing are representation of abstract qualities, events and institutions. Most influential allegory – Psychomachia (Battle of Souls) by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius Some works on this type: Romance of the Rose, Everyman, Piers Plowman, Roman de Fauvel and The Divine Comedy. Characteristics of Medieval Literature Figures of speech are numerous Highly religious Frequently intended to teach morals Descriptions are ornate and pretty Techniques of the dream vision used frequently Pleasant aspects of nature predominate New forms of rhythm and rhyme Women take a place in literature Elegance of speech and manners Works were handwritten Love is considered as a pure love Conveying the classic culture of Greece and Rome Works are more on re-telling than new invent stories Next to religious, heroism is Dominant Names of the individual authors are much less important Why most of the works in Medieval Period are anonymous? Medieval lit. was copied by hand and many volumes were lost over the following centuries. Names of the authors did not mean much to medieval citizen, only if they were very famous. Thus, unimportant names would sometimes be left out of a book during the process of copying. If the original volume was lost, there wouldn’t be any written proof of authorship. And one more reason is that some books were controversial or anti, and any author connected with these books would be condemned to death. And to avoid any problems, even if there are no controversial contents of their work, they are not writing their names. â€Å"Listen, Understand and Appreciate – these will make your students respect and love you as their second parent† – anonymous

Religion Role in Douglass Narrative Story

Religion Role in Douglass Narrative Story Frederick Douglass was a slave in America where there were a lot of inequalities between the slaveholders and the slaves. Slaves were mistreated in terms of being whipped, not given enough to eat, poor resting conditions as their bed was just the floor; generally slaves hardly received the basic needs from their masters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Role in Douglass Narrative Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both parties happened to believe and claim to practice the same religion- Christianity. One fails to understand why the inequalities and yet they both practiced the same faith. Religion therefore as presented in Douglass narrative story serves two roles; basically the symbolic functions and the narrative functions. This discussion therefore is inclusive of role played by religion in depth as the Christianity of the white south contrast to that of the black slave. To start with, religion has been used to justify the suffering of the black slaves. The religious slaveholders oppressed the slaves as they argued that God admitted for the slave existence when He cursed Ham. This is found in the Christian teachings as they used the bible as their guide. According to the scripture in the book of Genesis chapter 9 verses 24, Ham was cursed by the father Noah after he had seen the nakedness of his father and failed to cover him but instead told it to his brothers. Ham was then cursed into the bondage of slavery thus the whites believed that they were right in the practice of slavery (Douglass 11). According to the Christian teachings, God gave the masters power to discipline their servants if they failed to do as they were commanded. This is well illustrated when a crippled woman received a severe whip when she failed to do as she was commanded by her master. In these two instances and many others, the teachings from the bible were used to the exercise of more cruel acts. Douglass h owever does not blame the religiosity which is on the Christian teachings in the slavery acts which they faced, but he instead gives thanks to God with the full knowledge that the religion where he practiced Christianity was based on good morals (Douglass 32). Douglass and other slaves practice of Christianity contrasts with the Christianity that is practiced by the slaveholders. The Christianity practiced by the black slaves is represented as the Christianity that is inexistence of purity, complete in peace in it, and also it serves as the full representation of the nature of Christ Himself and thus carrying out the activities in unity. Unity was present when Douglass held on the good spirit of letting his fellow slaves learn how to read and even offering his time to teach them.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slaves’ Christianity does not support any corru pt deals, oppression through the act of slave holding or cruelty but instead, slaves continually believe and pray to God for their redemption. It is also against women whipping and any other form of whipping as they present a pure Christianity. Christianity is therefore a saving grace to slaves (Douglass 18). On the other hand, Christianity represented by the slaveholders who were the whites from the south, is a hypocritical kind of Christianity. They offer prayers to God, hold Christians activities like preaching and keeping the Sabbath. They at the same time honor the Christmas period where Christians cerebrates the birth of their Lord Jesus Christ and the New Year as a sigh of appreciating God for His mercies to have them see the New Year. One would automatically think that out of these Christian practices, they would at least show some good spirit in their deeds but instead they continue to oppress slaves. They even fail to give them enough food where they themselves have plenty to eat. According to Christian teachings, every person should actually love his or her neighbor and treat her of him in the best way possible. This is however not the case with the whites south. The white slave holders have all through misused the Christianity institution as they take it for their advantages in gaining their selfish gains. One fails to understand why they do misrepresent Christianity. For instance, they used to give the slaves holidays during the Christmas and the New Year period. One might assume that they did it out of good spirit so that slaves could have at least some time to rest. In fact this is however not right as the slave holders in their canning ways, planned on how slaves could get more drunk during this period where Christianity do not advocate drunkenness. They did this through betting with the slaves so as they could compete on who was able to drink a lot of whisky and still remain in soberness for a longer period. All what they enjoyed in, was to se e slaves misuse what they had saved. Douglass has spent much of his writing illustrating much on the main religion which is Christianity. He does this to show how much slavery and Christianity at any time can not be said to be compatible. Christianity cannot be inexistence wherever slavery is present as slavery is an act that promotes inequalities in the human being treatment and lack of humanity. Religiosity portrayed in Christianity advocate for love and thus wherever slavery is practiced, this virtue is absent. The fact is Christianity religion is highly affected by the presence of slavery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion Role in Douglass Narrative Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is therefore a direct opposite kinds of life as what is illustrated in the Douglass writing that are lived by the both parties: slaves and their masters in terms of social life and the practical part of it, thus bri nging out some differences in their spiritual lives. He therefore uses the juxtaposition of Christianity in the emphasis that there can still be a true Christianity rather than the representation of the hypocritical one (Douglass 18). In conclusion, it is clearly evidenced that religion which is presented in the form of Christianity plays a very significant role in the entire Douglass story. It is illustrated as a means of serving individual’s need, monetary aspects, and political values just for a group portion and not to the liberty of all. All these facts do not demoralize Douglass and his colleagues who were slaves in the belief concerning Christianity. In fact, they considered searching the will and the knowledge of God through reading instead of performing other acts like drinking of whisky which would on the other hand displease God. They wanted just to be different rather than the act of calling themselves Christians and yet they do against God’s will. Christia nity religion is therefore presented by the slaveholders as their reverence when defending their cruel acts where as to the slaves; it is the only source of consolation especially unto their souls. In difficult times, they believed God for His mercies and deliverance. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Prestwick House Inc, 2005.

Sodium Element (Na or Atomic Number 11)

Sodium Element (Na or Atomic Number 11) Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Weight: 22.989768 Element Classification: Alkali Metal CAS Number: 7440-23-5 Periodic Table Location Group: 1 Period: 3 Block: s Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ne]3s1 Long Form: 1s22s22p63s1 Shell Structure: 2 8 1 Discovery of Sodium Discovery Date: 1807 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy [England] Name: Sodium derives its name from the Medieval Latin sodanum and the English name soda. The element symbol, Na, was shortened from the Latin name Natrium. Swedish chemist Berzelius was the first to use the symbol Na for sodium in his early periodic table. History: Sodium does not usually appear in nature on its own, but its compounds have been used by people for centuries. Elemental sodium was not discovered until 1808. Davy isolated sodium metal using electrolysis from caustic soda or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): Solid Appearance: soft, bright silvery-white metal Density: 0.966 g/cc Density at Melting Point: 0.927 g/cc Specific Gravity: 0.971 (20  °C) Melting Point: 370.944 K Boiling Point: 1156.09 K Critical Point: 2573 K at 35 MPa (extrapolated) Heat of Fusion: 2.64 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 89.04 kJ/mol Molar Heat Capacity: 28.23 J/mol ·K Specific Heat: 0.647 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Atomic Data Oxidation States: 1 (most common), -1 Electronegativity: 0.93 Electron Affinity: 52.848 kJ/mol Atomic Radius: 1.86 Ã… Atomic Volume: 23.7 cc/mol Ionic Radius: 97 (1e) Covalent Radius: 1.6 Ã… Van der Waals Radius: 2.27 Ã… First Ionization Energy: 495.845 kJ/mol Second Ionization Energy: 4562.440 kJ/mol Third Ionization Energy: 6910.274 kJ/mol Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: 18 isotopes are known. Only two are naturally occurring. Isotopes and % abundance: 23Na (100), 22Na (trace) Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant: 4.230 Ã… Debye Temperature: 150.00 K Sodium Uses Sodium chloride is important for animal nutrition. Sodium compounds are used in the glass, soap, paper, textile, chemical, petroleum, and metal industries. Metallic sodium is used in manufacturing of sodium peroxide, sodium cyanide, sodamide, and sodium hydride. Sodium is used in preparing tetraethyl lead. It is used in the reduction of organic esters and preparation of organic compounds. Sodium metal may be used to improve the structure of some alloys, to descale metal, and to purify molten metals. Sodium, as well as NaK, an alloy of sodium with potassium, are important heat transfer agents. Miscellaneous Facts Sodium is the 6th most abundant element in the Earths crust, making up approximately 2.6% of the earth, air, and oceans.Sodium is not found free in nature, but sodium compounds are common. The most common compound is sodium chloride or salt.Sodium occurs in many minerals, such as cryolite, soda niter, zeolite, amphibole, and sodalite.The top three countries that produce sodium are China, United States,  and India. Sodium metal is mass produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride.The D lines of sodiums spectrum account for the dominant yellow color of the un.Sodium is the most abundant alkali metal.Sodium floats on water, which decomposes it to evolve hydrogen and form the hydroxide. Sodium may ignite spontaneously on water. It does not usually ignite in air at temperatures below 115 °CSodium burns with a bright yellow color in a flame test.Sodium is used in fireworks to make an intense yellow color. The color is sometimes so bright it overwhelms other colors in a firework. Sources CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics, (89th Ed.).Holden, Norman E. History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, 2001.â€Å"National Institute of Standards and Technology.†Ã‚  NIST.

The Petrochemical Industries in Qatar Research Paper

The Petrochemical Industries in Qatar - Research Paper Example The two products have made the country to be the second highest per capita income country in the world. It has 26 trillion cubic metres of natural gas reserves. Oil and natural gas exports are the main source of income generation. Its firm policy in the field of economy is to expand the sources of income and try to make the economic growth stable by making use of its natural resources and developing gas field and petrol chemical industries. The country has had success in the establishment and the operation of a massive industrial base. This has led to the country becoming the major producer of natural liquefied gas and other petroleum products. This has boosted the country’s income and the development of its economic structures. Oxidation coupling of methane is one of the methods used in petrol chemicals in Qatar. There are different technologies that are used in its operation. This paper will look at the technologies and each of the pros and cons of the technologies. In conclusion, the best technology that should be used in Qatar chemical industries will be recommended. One of the processes is the oxidation of methane enhanced by thermally optimised reactors and immediate separation. There are a few conversion schemes of methane which have a capacity to offer a simple and economic production of liquid fuels that are transportable from many natural gas fields in the world. For example, production of C2 hydro carbons by oxidising methane has been restricted because it has a low yield. In order to solve this problem, a system known as novel multi bed system has been designed by mesoscopic devices. This offers a low cost and high yield oxidation. This also assists in applying the same design in other processes of oxidation resulting in the same benefits. There is also increase in conversion and selectivity for the oxidation coupling of methane. (Tonkovich 1993) However economic practicability of oxidation coupling of methane should have a high activity